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election period

  • 1 election period

    1) Юридический термин: срок избрания
    2) Деловая лексика: период выборов

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > election period

  • 2 election period

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > election period

  • 3 election period

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > election period

  • 4 election period

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > election period

  • 5 election, period

    période f électorale

    English-French legislative terms > election, period

  • 6 election

    вибори; обрання; відбір
    - election agent of a candidate
    - election ahead of schedule
    - election as a deputy
    - election ballot day
    - election by electoral college
    - election by direct suffrage
    - election by direct vote
    - election campaign
    - election commission
    - election committee
    - election costs
    - election court
    - election date
    - election day
    - election district
    - election district lines
    - election districting
    - election expenses
    - election fraud
    - election fund
    - election judge
    - election law
    - election laws
    - election meeting
    - election of an officer
    - election of an official
    - election of president
    - election on a population basis
    - election outcome
    - election outcomes
    - election period
    - election petition
    - election platform
    - election pledge
    - election polling day
    - election poster
    - election procedure
    - election program
    - election programme
    - election promise
    - election propaganda
    - election reform
    - election results
    - election returns
    - election rigging
    - election scrutiny committee
    - election seniority
    - election system
    - election tax
    - election to a judgeship
    - election to fill a vacancy
    - election to judicial office
    - election to office
    - election to parliament
    - election validation committee
    - election victory
    - election winner

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > election

  • 7 period

    [ˈpɪərɪəd]
    accounting period отчетный период accounting period период бухгалтерской отчетности accounting period расчетный период accounting period учетный период accounting period финансовый год accrual period период накопления (средств) additional maturity period пролонгированный срок долгового обязательства amortization period срок погашения долга в рассрочку average collection period средний срок взыскания долгов balancing period период сальдирования basic rental period основной срок аренды billing period расчетный период billing period расчетный срок budget period бюджетный период busy period период занятости carry-back period период покрытия убытков компании за счет прибыли за прошлое время circulation period период обращения construction period период строительства contract period срок действия контракта cooling period период охлаждения cooling-off period период обдумывания и переговоров credit period срок кредита deflationary period дефляционный период delay period период задержки delay period период запаздывания delivery period срок доставки earning period период пребывания на оплачиваемой работе election period период выборов electoral period период выборов elimination period период ликвидации exemption period период освобождения от налога extension period продленный срок financial period финансовый период fiscal period период налогообложения forbearance period период воздержания от действия forbearance period период отказа от применения принудительных мер forecasting period период прогнозирования forecasting period прогнозируемый период period время, эпоха; our own period наша эпоха, наше время; the girl of the period тип современной девушки given period данный период given period установленный срок grace period льготный период grace period льготный срок grace period период отсрочки guarantee period гарантийный срок holiday period отпускной период idle period нерабочий период idle period перерыв в работе idle period период бездействия idle period простой inactive period неэффективный период income period период получения дохода indemnity period гарантийный период indemnity period период компенсации убытков indemnity period срок возмещения вреда, ущерба, убытков inquiry period срок расследования insurance period срок страхования interest-paying period период начисления процентов intervening period наступающий период intervention period интервенционный период lean period неурожайное время legal storage period установленный законом период хранения legislative period законодательный период licensing period срок лицензирования loan period срок погашения ссуды lock-up period срок действия глобальных обязательств lock-up period бирж. срок запрета продажи maturity period период, когда наступает срок платежа mustering period период освидетельствования period время, эпоха; our own period наша эпоха, наше время; the girl of the period тип современной девушки part period неполный период pay period период платежа pay-back period срок возврата денег payback period период окупаемости капиталовложений payment period срок платежа payoff period период окупаемости payout period срок выплаты peak period период максимального товарооборота peak period период максимальной нагрузки period время, эпоха; our own period наша эпоха, наше время; the girl of the period тип современной девушки period время period круг, цикл period pl менструация period относящийся к определенному периоду (о мебели, платье и т. п.) period пауза в конце периода; точка; to put a period (to smth.) поставить точку; положить конец (чему-л.) period период, промежуток времени period мат., астр., геол. период period грам. период, большое сложное законченное предложение period период; промежуток времени; period of years определенный период времени period период period промежуток времени period pl риторическая речь period риторическая речь period срок period стадия period for lodging appeal срок обжалования апелляции period of a partnership период сотрудничества period of acquisition период приобретения period of adversity неблагоприятный период period of adversity период пассивного баланса period of assessment период оценки в целях налогообложения period of cancellation срок окончательной оплаты period of cancellation срок погашения period of comparison период сравнения period of contribution срок взноса period of cover период страхования period of crisis период кризиса period of employment период занятости period of employment период работы (на рабочем месте) period of gestation период беременности period of grace льготный срок period of high cost of living период высокого прожиточного минимума period of high interest rates период высоких ставок процента period of hire срок проката period of indemnification срок возмещения убытка period of indemnification срок компенсации period of indemnity срок возмещения убытка period of indemnity срок компенсации period of insurance период действия договора страхования period of intervention период валютной интервенции period of irremovability период несмещения с должности period of limitation срок исковой давности period of loan срок кредитования period of nonterminability период несмещения с должности period of notice срок извещения period of notice срок оповещения period of notice срок уведомления period of notice of termination of contract срок уведомления о расторжении контракта period of notification срок уведомления period of operation период эксплуатации period of operation рабочий период period of payment срок платежа period of production время производства period of prosperity период процветания period of quiet период застоя period of recession период спада period of reference срок передачи на рассмотрение period of repayment срок выплаты period of repayment срок погашения period of report отчетный период period of report период отсрочки платежа за купленные акции на Лондонской фондовой бирже period of residence срок проживания period of scarcity период дефицита period of service продолжительность работы period of slack growth период медленного роста period of storage период хранения period of taxation период налогообложения period of time период времени period of transition переходный период period of use продолжительность использования period of validity срок действия period of vigorous growth период интенсивного роста period период; промежуток времени; period of years определенный период времени period of zero growth период нулевого роста period to maturity срок платежа period to maturity срок погашения policy period период ограниченной ответственности фирмы за дефекты policy period срок действия страхового полиса policy period срок страхования post-war period послевоенный период practice period практика, период практики (в учебной программе) preceding period предшествующий период preliminary period предварительный период premium period срок уплаты страхового взноса probation period испытательный срок (период обучения или работы) probationary period испытательный срок period пауза в конце периода; точка; to put a period (to smth.) поставить точку; положить конец (чему-л.) qualifying period испытательный срок quiet period период регистрации займа в Комиссии по ценным бумагам и биржам в США recession period период спада redemption period период возвращения долга redemption period период выкупа redemption period период погашения reference period базовый период reference period отчетный период relevant period соответствующий период remaining period оставшийся срок renewal period период восстановления repayment period срок выплаты repayment period срок погашения reporting period отчетный период rollover period период очередной фиксации плавающей ставки по кредиту run-in period период обкатки run-in period период приработки rush period период наибольшей нагрузки settlement period платежный период settling period расчетный период shakedown period вчт. период освоения shipping period навигационный период slack period период затишья slack period спад в промышленности specified period установленный период steady period период стабильности subscription period период подписки tax period период налогообложения taxation period период налогообложения transition period переходный период transition: period attr. переходный; transition period переходный период; transition curve мат. переходная кривая; transition stage переходная стадия transitional period переходный период transitional period промежуточный период trial period испытательный срок trial period срок испытания trial: period attr. пробный, испытательный; trial period испытательный срок unemployment period период безработицы useful life period период нормальной эксплуатации validity period срок юридического действия waiting period время ожидания waiting period период ожидания (до наступления права на пособие и т. д.) waiting period период отсрочки ответственности страховщика waiting period срок ожидания weak period период затишья weak period спад производства winding up period ликвидационный период

    English-Russian short dictionary > period

  • 8 period

    период, срок
    - election period
    - grace period
    - like period
    - limitation period
    - novelty protection period
    - opposition period
    - probationary period
    - probation period
    - qualifying period
    - qualifying period of residence
    - statutory period

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > period

  • 9 period

    ˈpɪərɪəd
    1. сущ.
    1) период;
    промежуток времени, срок for a period ≈ на время extra period ≈ добавочное, дополнительное время cooling-off period honeymoon period incubation period rest period transitional period trial period waiting period
    2) эпоха, значительный отрезок времени in a certain period ≈ в определенный момент, период in that period of history ≈ в этот исторический период prehistoric period ≈ доисторический период
    3) мн. риторическая, "цветистая" речь( с точки зрения стиля)
    4) а) мед. приступ, период обострения заболевания б) мн. менструация Syn: menses, catamenia
    5) грам. период, большое сложное законченное предложение Tosltoy often used periods in his novels. ≈ толстой в своих романах очень часто прибегал к периодам.
    6) а) пауза в конце периода, в конце предложения б) точка (знак препинания) Syn: full stop
    7) фиксированный, отведенный, регламентированный интервал времени для чего-л. а) мат.;
    астр.;
    геол. период Syn: age, cycle, aeon, epoch, era, generation б) урок( в школе и т.д.)
    8) муз. период
    2. прил. относящийся к определенному периоду (о мебели, платье и т. п.) the practical book of period furniture ≈ практическое руководство по мебели разных периодов период, промежуток времени;
    срок - lasting for a * of three months длящийся три месяца, сроком в три месяца - within the agreed * в пределах оговоренного срока - they visited us for a short * они немного погостили у нас - fixed * установленный период времени /срок/ - at this * of the year в это время года - a * of famine голодные времена - * of rest время /час/ отдыха;
    передышка - extra /overtime/ * (спортивное) добавочное время (игры) - trial * испытательный срок стадия - *s of a disease стадии болезни - the * of incubation инкубационный период урок, занятие - a history * урок истории эпоха, время - the costume of the * костюм данной эпохи - * of change время перемен - catchwords of the * словечки, модные в определенную эпоху - sentiments of the * чувства, характерные для данной эпохи (грамматика) сложное законченное предложение;
    фраза - well-rounded *s закругленные фразы точка;
    пауза в конце предложения конец - to put a * to smth. поставить точку, положить конец чему-л. pl цветистая речь, риторика часто pl (физиологическое) месячные, менструация точка ( отделяющая целое число от десятых долей) (физическое) период колебаний - *s per second число оборотов /колебаний/ в секунду - natural * собственный период (колебаний) (специальное) цикл - transformation * период полураспада;
    период /длительность/ превращения - combustion * период работы двигателя;
    период активного полета - wave * период волны - circular orbit * период круговой орбиты спутника Земли (геология) эпоха, период - Silurian * силурийская система( музыкальное) период (спортивное) период относящийся к определенному периоду - * play комедия нравов - * house старинный дом - * film исторический кинофильм - * furniture стильная мебель - * room комната, обставленная старинной мебелью - * contract (юридическое) долгосрочный договор accounting ~ отчетный период accounting ~ период бухгалтерской отчетности accounting ~ расчетный период accounting ~ учетный период accounting ~ финансовый год accrual ~ период накопления (средств) additional maturity ~ пролонгированный срок долгового обязательства amortization ~ срок погашения долга в рассрочку average collection ~ средний срок взыскания долгов balancing ~ период сальдирования basic rental ~ основной срок аренды billing ~ расчетный период billing ~ расчетный срок budget ~ бюджетный период busy ~ период занятости carry-back ~ период покрытия убытков компании за счет прибыли за прошлое время circulation ~ период обращения construction ~ период строительства contract ~ срок действия контракта cooling ~ период охлаждения cooling-off ~ период обдумывания и переговоров credit ~ срок кредита deflationary ~ дефляционный период delay ~ период задержки delay ~ период запаздывания delivery ~ срок доставки earning ~ период пребывания на оплачиваемой работе election ~ период выборов electoral ~ период выборов elimination ~ период ликвидации exemption ~ период освобождения от налога extension ~ продленный срок financial ~ финансовый период fiscal ~ период налогообложения forbearance ~ период воздержания от действия forbearance ~ период отказа от применения принудительных мер forecasting ~ период прогнозирования forecasting ~ прогнозируемый период period время, эпоха;
    our own period наша эпоха, наше время;
    the girl of the period тип современной девушки given ~ данный период given ~ установленный срок grace ~ льготный период grace ~ льготный срок grace ~ период отсрочки guarantee ~ гарантийный срок holiday ~ отпускной период idle ~ нерабочий период idle ~ перерыв в работе idle ~ период бездействия idle ~ простой inactive ~ неэффективный период income ~ период получения дохода indemnity ~ гарантийный период indemnity ~ период компенсации убытков indemnity ~ срок возмещения вреда, ущерба, убытков inquiry ~ срок расследования insurance ~ срок страхования interest-paying ~ период начисления процентов intervening ~ наступающий период intervention ~ интервенционный период lean ~ неурожайное время legal storage ~ установленный законом период хранения legislative ~ законодательный период licensing ~ срок лицензирования loan ~ срок погашения ссуды lock-up ~ срок действия глобальных обязательств lock-up ~ бирж. срок запрета продажи maturity ~ период, когда наступает срок платежа mustering ~ период освидетельствования period время, эпоха;
    our own period наша эпоха, наше время;
    the girl of the period тип современной девушки part ~ неполный период pay ~ период платежа pay-back ~ срок возврата денег payback ~ период окупаемости капиталовложений payment ~ срок платежа payoff ~ период окупаемости payout ~ срок выплаты peak ~ период максимального товарооборота peak ~ период максимальной нагрузки period время, эпоха;
    our own period наша эпоха, наше время;
    the girl of the period тип современной девушки ~ время ~ круг, цикл ~ pl менструация ~ относящийся к определенному периоду (о мебели, платье и т. п.) ~ пауза в конце периода;
    точка;
    to put a period (to smth.) поставить точку;
    положить конец (чему-л.) ~ период, промежуток времени ~ мат., астр., геол. период ~ грам. период, большое сложное законченное предложение ~ период;
    промежуток времени;
    period of years определенный период времени ~ период ~ промежуток времени ~ pl риторическая речь ~ риторическая речь ~ срок ~ стадия ~ for lodging appeal срок обжалования апелляции ~ of a partnership период сотрудничества ~ of acquisition период приобретения ~ of adversity неблагоприятный период ~ of adversity период пассивного баланса ~ of assessment период оценки в целях налогообложения ~ of cancellation срок окончательной оплаты ~ of cancellation срок погашения ~ of comparison период сравнения ~ of contribution срок взноса ~ of cover период страхования ~ of crisis период кризиса ~ of employment период занятости ~ of employment период работы( на рабочем месте) ~ of gestation период беременности ~ of grace льготный срок ~ of high cost of living период высокого прожиточного минимума ~ of high interest rates период высоких ставок процента ~ of hire срок проката ~ of indemnification срок возмещения убытка ~ of indemnification срок компенсации ~ of indemnity срок возмещения убытка ~ of indemnity срок компенсации ~ of insurance период действия договора страхования ~ of intervention период валютной интервенции ~ of irremovability период несмещения с должности ~ of limitation срок исковой давности ~ of loan срок кредитования ~ of nonterminability период несмещения с должности ~ of notice срок извещения ~ of notice срок оповещения ~ of notice срок уведомления ~ of notice of termination of contract срок уведомления о расторжении контракта ~ of notification срок уведомления ~ of operation период эксплуатации ~ of operation рабочий период ~ of payment срок платежа ~ of production время производства ~ of prosperity период процветания ~ of quiet период застоя ~ of recession период спада ~ of reference срок передачи на рассмотрение ~ of repayment срок выплаты ~ of repayment срок погашения ~ of report отчетный период ~ of report период отсрочки платежа за купленные акции на Лондонской фондовой бирже ~ of residence срок проживания ~ of scarcity период дефицита ~ of service продолжительность работы ~ of slack growth период медленного роста ~ of storage период хранения ~ of taxation период налогообложения ~ of time период времени ~ of transition переходный период ~ of use продолжительность использования ~ of validity срок действия ~ of vigorous growth период интенсивного роста ~ период;
    промежуток времени;
    period of years определенный период времени ~ of zero growth период нулевого роста ~ to maturity срок платежа ~ to maturity срок погашения policy ~ период ограниченной ответственности фирмы за дефекты policy ~ срок действия страхового полиса policy ~ срок страхования post-war ~ послевоенный период practice ~ практика, период практики ( в учебной программе) preceding ~ предшествующий период preliminary ~ предварительный период premium ~ срок уплаты страхового взноса probation ~ испытательный срок (период обучения или работы) probationary ~ испытательный срок ~ пауза в конце периода;
    точка;
    to put a period (to smth.) поставить точку;
    положить конец (чему-л.) qualifying ~ испытательный срок quiet ~ период регистрации займа в Комиссии по ценным бумагам и биржам в США recession ~ период спада redemption ~ период возвращения долга redemption ~ период выкупа redemption ~ период погашения reference ~ базовый период reference ~ отчетный период relevant ~ соответствующий период remaining ~ оставшийся срок renewal ~ период восстановления repayment ~ срок выплаты repayment ~ срок погашения reporting ~ отчетный период rollover ~ период очередной фиксации плавающей ставки по кредиту run-in ~ период обкатки run-in ~ период приработки rush ~ период наибольшей нагрузки settlement ~ платежный период settling ~ расчетный период shakedown ~ вчт. период освоения shipping ~ навигационный период slack ~ период затишья slack ~ спад в промышленности specified ~ установленный период steady ~ период стабильности subscription ~ период подписки tax ~ период налогообложения taxation ~ период налогообложения transition ~ переходный период transition: ~ attr. переходный;
    transition period переходный период;
    transition curve мат. переходная кривая;
    transition stage переходная стадия transitional ~ переходный период transitional ~ промежуточный период trial ~ испытательный срок trial ~ срок испытания trial: ~ attr. пробный, испытательный;
    trial period испытательный срок unemployment ~ период безработицы useful life ~ период нормальной эксплуатации validity ~ срок юридического действия waiting ~ время ожидания waiting ~ период ожидания( до наступления права на пособие и т. д.) waiting ~ период отсрочки ответственности страховщика waiting ~ срок ожидания weak ~ период затишья weak ~ спад производства winding up ~ ликвидационный период

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > period

  • 10 election day

    а) пол., брит. (с 1929 г. днем всеобщих выборов является четверг, но точная дата определяется каждый раз властями; для местных выборов — первый четверг мая)
    б) пол., амер. (в первый вторник ноября открываются все избирательные участки; правило введено конгрессом в 1845 г.; день выборов не может попадать на 1 ноября — День всех святых; в некоторых штатах день выборов является выходным днем)
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > election day

  • 11 election, campaign, period

    période f de campagne électorale

    English-French legislative terms > election, campaign, period

  • 12 early voting period

    пол., амер. период досрочного голосования (период, в течение которого закон разрешает осуществления досрочного голосования)

    The early voting period typically begins twenty (20) days before an election and ends five (5) days before an election. — Период досрочного голосования обычно начинается з 20 дней до выборов и заканчивается за 5 дней до выборов.

    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > early voting period

  • 13 tonnage tax company

    гос. фин., брит. судоходная компания, платящая налог с тоннажа* !
    возможно, нужно новое подзначение к tonnage tax! ссылок маловато, в основном в этом законодательном акте. не разобралась до конца!
    http:www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00017-cg.htm
    "
    1. - (1) This Schedule provides an alternative regime (""tonnage tax"") for calculating the profits of a shipping company for the purposes of corporation tax.
    " "
    (2) The regime applies only if an election to that effect ( a ""tonnage tax election"") is made (see Part II of this Schedule).
    "
    Companies that are members of a group must join in a group election.
    (a) the company or group is a qualifying company or group (see Part III of this Schedule), and
    (b) certain requirements are met as to training (see Part IV of this Schedule) and other matters (see Part V of this Schedule).
    "
    2. - (1) In this Schedule a ""tonnage tax company"" or ""tonnage tax group"" means a company or group in relation to which a tonnage tax election has effect.
    "
    (2) References in this Schedule to a company entering or leaving tonnage tax are to its becoming or ceasing to be a tonnage tax company.
    References to a company being subject to tonnage tax have a corresponding meaning.
    3. - (1) In the case of a tonnage tax company, its tonnage tax profits are brought into charge to corporation tax in place of its relevant shipping profits (see Part VI of this Schedule).
    (2) Where profits would be relevant shipping income, any loss accruing to the company is similarly left out of account for the purposes of corporation tax.
    Tonnage tax profits: method of calculation
    4. - (1) A company's tonnage tax profits for an accounting period are calculated in accordance with this paragraph by reference to the net tonnage of the qualifying ships operated by the company.
    For the purposes of the calculation the net tonnage of a ship is rounded down (if necessary) to the nearest multiple of 100 tons.
    (2) The calculation is as follows:
    Step One Determine the daily profit for each qualifying ship operated by the company by reference to the following table and the net tonnage of the ship:
    For each 100 tons up to 1,000 tons
    £0.60
    For each 100 tons between 1,000 and 10,000 tons
    £0.45
    For each 100 tons between 10,000 and 25,000 tons
    £0.30
    For each 100 tons above 25,000 tons
    £0.15
    Step Two Work out the ship's profit for the accounting period by multiplying the daily profit by-
    (a) the number of days in the accounting period, or
    (b) if the ship was operated by the company as a qualifying ship for only part of the period, by the number of days in that part.
    Step Three Follow Steps One and Two for each of the qualifying ships operated by the company in the accounting period.
    Step Four Add together the resulting amounts and the total is the amount of the company's tonnage tax profits for that accounting period.
    Tonnage tax profits: calculation in case of joint operation etc.
    5. - (1) If two or more companies fall to be regarded as operators of a ship by virtue of a joint interest in the ship, or in an agreement for the use of the ship, the tonnage tax profits of each are calculated as if each were entitled to a share of the profits proportionate to its share of that interest.
    (2) If two or more companies fall to be treated as the operator of a ship otherwise than as mentioned in sub-paragraph (1), the tonnage tax profits of each are computed as if each were the only operator.
    6. - (1) References in this Schedule to the gross or net tonnage of a ship are to that tonnage as determined-
    "
    (a) in the case of a vessel of 24 metres in length or over, in accordance with the IMO International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (ITC69);
    "
    (b) in the case of a vessel under 24 metres in length, in accordance with tonnage regulations.
    (2) A ship shall not be treated as a qualifying ship for the purposes of this Schedule unless there is in force-
    (a) a valid International Tonnage Certificate (1969), or
    (b) a valid certificate recording its tonnage as measured in accordance with tonnage regulations.
    "
    (3) In this paragraph ""tonnage regulations"" means regulations under section 19 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 or provisions of the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom corresponding to those regulations.
    "
    + мультитран:
    6.05.2006 11:56
    Тема сообщения: tonnage tax company
    Пожалуйста, помогите перевести.
    tonnage tax, если верить Мультитрану - корабельный сбор, а как это к company применить не представляю. компания, подлежащая обложению корабельным сбором?? - чушь какая-то...
    Помогите, плиз!
    Заранее спасибо Mt | Google
    6.05.2006 12:07
    "
    Tonnage Tax - это такой вид налогообложения судоходных компаний (пароходств), при котором размер налога рассчитывается в зависимости от чистой регистровой вместимости судов, составляющих флот компании (т.н. ""налог на тоннаж""). Tonnage tax company - компания подлежащая такому виду налогообложения.
    "
    Некоторые налоговые изменения коснутся мореходных компаний, для которых !подоходный налог! будет заменен на !налог с тоннажа! судна.

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > tonnage tax company

  • 14 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 15 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 16 run

    1. present participle - running; verb
    1) ((of a person or animal) to move quickly, faster than walking: He ran down the road.) correr
    2) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) circular; moverse
    3) ((of water etc) to flow: Rivers run to the sea; The tap is running.) correr
    4) ((of a machine etc) to work or operate: The engine is running; He ran the motor to see if it was working.) funcionar, estar en marcha
    5) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) dirigir
    6) (to race: Is your horse running this afternoon?) correr
    7) ((of buses, trains etc) to travel regularly: The buses run every half hour; The train is running late.) circular
    8) (to last or continue; to go on: The play ran for six weeks.) estar/permanecer en cartel; seguir vigente (un contrato); durar
    9) (to own and use, especially of cars: He runs a Rolls Royce.) tener; conducir
    10) ((of colour) to spread: When I washed my new dress the colour ran.) desteñir, correrse
    11) (to drive (someone); to give (someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) llevar
    12) (to move (something): She ran her fingers through his hair; He ran his eyes over the letter.) pasar
    13) ((in certain phrases) to be or become: The river ran dry; My blood ran cold (= I was afraid).) estar; volverse

    2. noun
    1) (the act of running: He went for a run before breakfast.) carrera
    2) (a trip or drive: We went for a run in the country.) viaje; excursión; paseo, vuelta
    3) (a length of time (for which something continues): He's had a run of bad luck.) racha, período, etapa
    4) (a ladder (in a stocking etc): I've got a run in my tights.) carrera
    5) (the free use (of a place): He gave me the run of his house.) (libre) uso
    6) (in cricket, a batsman's act of running from one end of the wicket to the other, representing a single score: He scored/made 50 runs for his team.) carrera
    7) (an enclosure or pen: a chicken-run.) terreno de pasto; corral, gallinero
    •
    - running
    3. adverb
    (one after another; continuously: We travelled for four days running.) seguido, consecutivo
    - runaway
    - rundown
    - runner-up
    - runway
    - in
    - out of the running
    - on the run
    - run across
    - run after
    - run aground
    - run along
    - run away
    - run down
    - run for
    - run for it
    - run in
    - run into
    - run its course
    - run off
    - run out
    - run over
    - run a temperature
    - run through
    - run to
    - run up
    - run wild
    run1 n carrera
    run2 vb
    1. correr
    2. correr / ir por / discurrir
    3. correr
    4. circular
    5. funcionar
    6. llevar / dirigir
    tr[rʌn]
    1 carrera
    3 (sequence) racha
    4 (ski run) pista
    5 (in stocking) carrera
    6 (demand) gran demanda
    7 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL permanencia en cartel
    8 (in cricket) carrera
    9 (in printing) tirada
    10 (at cards) escalera
    intransitive verb (pt ran tr[ræn], pp run tr[rʌn], ger running)
    1 (gen) correr
    ■ run faster! ¡corre más deprisa!
    2 (flow) correr
    3 (operate) funcionar
    4 (trains, buses) circular
    5 (in election) presentarse
    6 (play) estar en cartel; (contract etc) seguir vigente
    7 (colour) correrse
    ■ I washed it and the colours ran lo lavé y se destiñó, lo lavé y los colores se corrieron
    1 (gen) correr
    2 (race) correr en, participar en
    3 (take by car) llevar, acompañar
    ■ could you run me to school? ¿me podrías acompañar al colegio en coche?
    4 (manage) llevar, dirigir, regentar
    5 (organize) organizar, montar
    6 (operate) hacer funcionar
    7 (pass, submit to) pasar
    ■ have you run this data through the computer? ¿has pasado estos datos por el ordenador?
    8 (publish) publicar
    9 (water) dejar correr
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in the long run a la larga
    to be on the run haber fugado, haber huido
    to break into a run echarse a correr
    to go for a run ir a correr
    to have the run of something tener algo a su entera disposición
    to run in the family venir de familia
    ■ he's had a good run for his money no le ha ido mal, no se puede quejar
    ■ she won the match, but I gave her a run for her money ella ganó el partido, pero la hice trabajar
    run ['rʌn] v, ran ['ræn] ; run ; running vi
    1) : correr
    she ran to catch the bus: corrió para alcanzar el autobús
    run and fetch the doctor: corre a buscar al médico
    2) : circular, correr
    the train runs between Detroit and Chicago: el tren circula entre Detroit y Chicago
    to run on time: ser puntual
    3) function: funcionar, ir
    the engine runs on gasoline: el motor funciona con gasolina
    to run smoothly: ir bien
    4) flow: correr, ir
    5) last: durar
    the movie runs for two hours: la película dura dos horas
    the contract runs for three years: el contrato es válido por tres años
    6) : desteñir, despintar (dícese de los colores)
    7) extend: correr, extenderse
    8)
    to run for office : postularse, presentarse
    run vt
    1) : correr
    to run 10 miles: correr 10 millas
    to run errands: hacer los mandados
    to run out of town: hacer salir del pueblo
    2) pass: pasar
    3) drive: llevar en coche
    4) operate: hacer funcionar (un motor, etc.)
    5) : echar
    to run water: echar agua
    6) manage: dirigir, llevar (un negocio, etc.)
    7) extend: tender (un cable, etc.)
    8)
    to run a risk : correr un riesgo
    run n
    1) : carrera f
    at a run: a la carrera, corriendo
    to go for a run: ir a correr
    2) trip: vuelta f, paseo m (en coche), viaje m (en avión)
    3) series: serie f
    a run of disappointments: una serie de desilusiones
    in the long run: a la larga
    in the short run: a corto plazo
    4) demand: gran demanda f
    a run on the banks: una corrida bancaria
    to have a long run: mantenerse mucho tiempo en la cartelera
    6) type: tipo m
    the average run of students: el tipo más común de estudiante
    7) : carrera f (en béisbol)
    8) : carrera f (en una media)
    9)
    to have the run of : tener libre acceso de (una casa, etc.)
    ski run : pista f (de esquí)
    n.
    • corrimiento s.m.
    p.p.
    (Participio pasivo de "to run") (a program)
    v.
    • ejecutar (un programa) v. (As a machine)
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: ran, run) = andar v.
    (§pret: anduv-)
    • marchar v. (In an election, US)
    v.
    • presentarse (E lección) (•Gobierno•) v.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: ran, run) = acorrer v.
    • correr v.
    • dirigir v.
    • explotar v.
    • funcionar v.
    • gobernar v.

    I
    1. rʌn
    1) (pres p running; past ran; past p run) intransitive verb

    he ran downstairs/indoors — bajó/entró corriendo

    3) (colloq) ( drive) ir* ( en coche)

    I run down/over/up to Birmingham most weekends — la mayoría de los fines de semana voy a Birmingham

    4)
    a) (go)

    the truck ran into the ditch/over the cliff — el camión cayó en la cuneta/se despeñó por el acantilado

    b) ( Transp)
    5)
    a) ( flow) \<\<water/oil\>\> correr; ( drip) gotear

    the water ran hot/cold — empezó a salir agua caliente/fría

    the river runs through the town/into the sea — el río pasa por la ciudad/desemboca en el mar

    she left the water/faucet (AmE) o (BrE) tap running — dejó la llave abierta (AmL) or (Esp) el grifo abierto or (RPl) la canilla abierta or (Per) el caño abierto

    b) ( pass) pasar
    6) ( travel)

    our thoughts were running along o on the same lines — nuestros pensamientos iban por el mismo camino

    7) ( Pol) \<\<candidate\>\> presentarse, postularse (AmL)

    he is running for Governor again — se va a volver a presentar or (AmL tb) a postular como candidato a Gobernador

    8) (operate, function)

    with the engine running — con el motor encendido or en marcha or (AmL tb) prendido

    it runs off batteries/on gas — funciona con pilas or a pila(s)/a gas

    9) ( extend)
    a) ( in space)

    the path runs across the field/around the lake — el sendero atraviesa el campo/bordea el lago

    this idea runs through the whole book — esta idea se repite or está presente a lo largo del libro

    b) ( in time)
    10)
    a) (be, stand)

    inflation is running at 4% — la tasa de inflación es del 4%

    it runs in the family — es de familia, le (or me etc) viene de familia; water I 3) a)

    b) ( become)

    stocks are running low — se están agotando las existencias; see also dry I 1) c), short II 2)

    to run to something: to run to fat — echar carnes (fam); see also seed I 1) b)

    11) (of stories, sequences) decir*

    how did that line run? — ¿cómo decía or era esa línea?

    12) (melt, merge) \<\<butter/cheese/icing\>\> derretirse*; \<\<paint/makeup\>\> correrse; \<\<color\>\> desteñir*, despintarse (Méx)
    13) \<\<stockings\>\> hacerse* carreras, correrse (AmL)

    2.
    1) vt
    2)
    a) \<\<race/marathon\>\> correr, tomar parte en
    b) ( chase)

    the Green candidate ran them a close third — el candidato de los verdes quedó en tercer lugar a muy poca distancia de ellos

    they were run out of town — los hicieron salir del pueblo, los corrieron del pueblo (AmL fam)

    3)
    a) (push, move) pasar
    b) ( drive) \<\<person\>\> (colloq) llevar ( en coche)

    to run something under the tap — (BrE) hacer* correr agua sobre algo

    5)
    a) ( extend) \<\<cable/wire\>\> tender*
    b) ( pass) (hacer*) pasar
    6)
    a) ( smuggle) \<\<guns\>\> contrabandear, pasar (de contrabando)
    b) ( get past) \<\<blockade\>\> burlar

    to run a (red) light — (AmE) saltarse un semáforo (en rojo), pasarse un alto (Méx)

    7) ( operate) \<\<engine\>\> hacer* funcionar; \<\<program\>\> ( Comput) pasar, ejecutar
    8) ( manage) \<\<business/organization/department\>\> dirigir*, llevar

    who's running this business? — ¿aquí quién es el que manda?

    he runs the financial side of the business — se encarga or se ocupa del aspecto financiero del negocio

    9)
    a) ( Transp) \<\<flight\>\> tener*
    b) ( maintain) tener*
    10) \<\<tests\>\> realizar*, llevar a cabo; \<\<classes/concerts\>\> organizar*; \<\<newspaper\>\> \<\<article\>\> publicar*; fever 1) a), risk I a), temperature b)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( on foot)

    on the run: the children keep her on the run all day los niños la tienen todo el día en danza; after seven years on the run (from the law) después de estar siete años huyendo de la justicia; to give somebody a (good) run for her/his money hacerle* sudar tinta a algn; to have a good run for one's money: he was champion for six years, he had a good run for his money fue campeón durante seis años, no se puede quejar; to have the run of something tener* libre acceso a algo, tener* algo a su (or mi etc) entera disposición; to make a run for it — escaparse

    2)
    a) (trip, outing) vuelta f, paseo m ( en coche)
    b) ( journey)

    the outward run — el trayecto or viaje de ida

    it's only a short/10-mile run — está muy cerca/sólo a 10 millas

    3)
    a) ( sequence)

    a run of good/bad luck — una racha de buena/mala suerte, una buena/mala racha

    4) ( tendency) corriente f

    in the normal run of events — normalmente, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos

    run ON something: there's been a run on these watches estos relojes han estado muy solicitados or han tenido mucha demanda; a run on sterling una fuerte presión sobre la libra; a run on the banks — una corrida bancaria, un pánico bancario

    6) (Cin, Theat) temporada f
    7) ( Publ) ( print run) tirada f
    8)
    a) ( track) pista f
    b) ( for animals) corral m
    9) (in stocking, knitted garment) carrera f
    10) (in baseball, cricket) carrera f
    11) the runs pl ( diarrhea) (colloq) diarrea f, churrias fpl (Col fam)
    [rʌn] (vb: pt ran) (pp run)
    1. N
    1) (=act of running) carrera f

    • at a run — corriendo, a la carrera

    • to break into a run — echar a correr, empezar a correr

    • to go for/ have a run before breakfast — (salir a) correr antes del desayuno

    • to make a run for it — (=escape) darse a al fuga, huir; (=move quickly) echarse a correr

    • to be on the run — (from police) estar huido de la justicia, ser fugitivo

    he's on the run from prison — (se) escapó or se fugó de la cárcel

    we've got them on the run — (Mil etc) los hemos puesto en fuga; (fig) están casi vencidos

    - give sb a run for their money

    he's had a good run (for his money) * — (on sb's death) ha tenido una vida larga y bien aprovechada

    2) (=outing in car etc) vuelta f, paseo m, excursión f
    3) (=journey) viaje m; (Aer, Rail etc) (=route) ruta f, línea f

    the Plymouth-Santander run — la línea Plymouth-Santander, el servicio de Plymouth a Santander

    4) (=sequence) serie f

    • in the long run — a la larga

    • a run of luck — una racha de suerte

    a run of bad luck — una racha or temporada de mala suerte

    • in the short run — a plazo corto

    • a run of five wins — una racha de cinco victorias

    5) (Theat, TV) temporada f
    6) (=generality)

    • the common run — lo común y corriente

    • it stands out from the general run of books — destaca de la generalidad de los libros

    7) (=trend)

    • the run of the market — la tendencia del mercado

    • they scored against the run of play — marcaron un gol cuando menos se podía esperar

    8) (Comm, Econ) (=increased demand) gran demanda f
    9) (for animals) corral m

    • ski run — pista f de esquí

    10) (Cards) escalera f
    11) (Cricket, Baseball) carrera f

    to make or score a run — hacer or anotar(se) una carrera

    See:
    12) (Publishing)

    a run of 5,000 copies — una tirada de 5.000 ejemplares

    13) (in tights) carrera f
    14) (Mus) carrerilla f
    15) (Aer etc) (=raid) ataque m
    16) (US) (Pol) (=bid for leadership) carrera f, campaña f
    17) (=access, use)

    • they gave us the run of their garden — nos dejaron usar su jardín

    • to have the run of sb's house — tener el libre uso de la casa de algn

    18)

    to have the runs * — andar muy suelto *, tener cagalera **

    2. VT
    1) (gen) correr

    to run the 100 metres — participar en or correr los 100 metros lisos

    • let things run their course — (fig) deja que las cosas sigan su curso

    • to run errands — hacer recados

    • to run a horse — correr un caballo

    - run sb close
    - run it close or fine
    - be run off one's feet
    mile
    2) (=take, drive)

    • to run a boat ashore — varar una embarcación

    • this will run you into debt — esto te endeudará

    • I'll run you home — te llevo a casa

    • to run a car into a lamppost — estrellar un coche contra un farol

    3) (=put, move)

    • to run a comb through one's hair — peinarse rápidamente

    • to run one's eye over a letter — echar un vistazo a una carta

    • to run a fence round a field — poner una valla alrededor de un campo

    • to run one's fingers through sb's hair — pasar los dedos por el pelo de algn

    • let me run this idea past you — (US) a ver qué piensas de esta idea

    • to run a pipe through a wall — pasar un tubo por una pared

    • to run water into a bath — hacer correr agua en un baño, llenar un baño de agua

    • to run one's words together — comerse las palabras, hablar atropelladamente

    4) (=organize etc) [+ business, hotel etc] dirigir, llevar; [+ country] gobernar; [+ campaign, competition] organizar

    • the school runs courses for foreign students — la escuela organiza cursos para estudiantes extranjeros

    • to run the house for sb — llevar la casa a algn

    • he wants to run my life — quiere organizarme la vida

    • they ran a series of tests on the product — llevaron a cabo or efectuaron una serie de pruebas con el producto

    5) (esp Brit) (=operate, use) [+ car] tener; [+ machine] hacer funcionar, hacer andar; [+ train] poner; (Comput) [+ programme] ejecutar

    • to run a new bus service — poner en funcionamiento un nuevo servicio de autobuses

    • we don't run a car — no tenemos coche

    the car is very cheap to run — el coche gasta muy poco or tiene muy pocos gastos de mantenimiento

    • you can run this machine on gas — puedes hacer funcionar esta máquina a gas

    • you can run it on or off the mains — funciona con corriente de la red

    • they ran an extra train — pusieron un tren suplementario

    6) (=enter in contest)

    • to run a horse — correr un caballo

    7) (=publish) [+ report, story] publicar, imprimir
    8) (=smuggle) [+ guns, whisky] pasar de contrabando
    9) (=not stop for)

    • to run a blockade — saltarse un bloqueo, burlar un bloqueo

    • to run a stoplight — (US) saltarse un semáforo en rojo

    gauntlet, risk, temperature
    3. VI
    1) (gen) correr; (in race) competir, correr, tomar parte; (=flee) huir

    • to run across the road — cruzar la calle corriendo

    • to run down the garden — correr por el jardín

    • to run for a bus — correr tras el autobús

    we shall have to run for it — (=move quickly) tendremos que correr; (=escape) habrá que darse a la fuga

    to run for all one is worth, run like the devil — correr a todo correr

    run for your lives! — ¡sálvese el que pueda!

    • to run to help sb — correr al auxilio de algn

    • he ran up to me — se me acercó corriendo

    3) (Naut)

    • to run aground — encallar

    • to run before the wind — navegar con viento a popa

    4) (=function) funcionar

    • the car is not running well — el coche no funciona bien

    • you mustn't leave the engine running — no se debe dejar el motor en marcha

    • the lift isn't running — el ascensor no funciona

    • it runs off the mains — funciona con corriente de la red

    • it runs on petrol — funciona con gasolina, tiene motor de gasolina

    • things did not run smoothly for them — (fig) las cosas no les fueron bien

    5) (=extend)

    • the contract has two years left to run — al contrato le quedan dos años de duración

    • it runs in the family — [characteristic] viene de familia; [disease] es algo genético

    • the play ran for two years — la obra estuvo dos años en cartelera

    • the programme ran for an extra ten minutes — el programa se prolongó diez minutos, el programa duró diez minutos de más

    • the sentences will run concurrently — las condenas se cumplirán al mismo tiempo

    • it runs through the whole history of art — afecta toda la historia del arte, se observa en toda la historia del arte

    • he has a scar running across his chest — tiene una cicatriz que le atraviesa el pecho

    • the road runs along the river — la carretera va a lo largo del río

    • the road runs by our house — la carretera pasa delante de nuestra casa

    • the path runs from our house to the station — el sendero va de nuestra casa a la estación

    • this street runs into the square — esta calle desemboca en la plaza

    • a balcony runs round the hall — una galería se extiende a lo largo del perímetro de la sala

    • the ivy runs up the wall — la hiedra trepa por la pared

    6) (=flow) correr; (Med) [sore] supurar

    • your bath is running — tienes el baño llenándose

    • blood ran from the wound — la sangre manaba de la herida, la herida manaba sangre

    • to run dry — [river, well] secarse; [resources] agotarse

    • the milk ran all over the floor — la leche se derramó por todo el suelo

    • money simply runs through his fingers — es un manirroto

    • his nose was running — le moqueaba la nariz

    • my pen runs — mi pluma gotea

    • the river runs for 300 miles — el río corre 300 millas

    • you left the tap running — dejaste abierto el grifo or (LAm) abierta la llave

    • the tears ran down her cheeks — las lágrimas le corrían por las mejillas

    • when the tide is running strongly — cuando sube la marea rápidamente

    • the streets were running with water — el agua corría por las calles

    7) [colour] correrse, desteñirse
    8) (=melt) derretirse
    9) (=go)

    the thought ran through my head that... — se me ocurrió pensar que...

    seed 1., 1), wild 2., 2)
    10) (=be)

    • the train is running late — el tren lleva retraso

    • the service usually runs on time — el servicio generalmente es puntual

    high 2., low I, 1., 4)
    11) (Pol) (=stand for election) presentarse como candidato(-a)

    are you running? — ¿vas a presentar tu candidatura?

    • to run against sb — medirse con algn, enfrentarse a algn

    12) (=say)

    the text runs like this — el texto dice así, el texto reza así

    13) [stocking] hacerse una carrera
    14) (Comput) ejecutarse
    4.
    CPD

    run time N — tiempo m de ejecución

    * * *

    I
    1. [rʌn]
    1) (pres p running; past ran; past p run) intransitive verb

    he ran downstairs/indoors — bajó/entró corriendo

    3) (colloq) ( drive) ir* ( en coche)

    I run down/over/up to Birmingham most weekends — la mayoría de los fines de semana voy a Birmingham

    4)
    a) (go)

    the truck ran into the ditch/over the cliff — el camión cayó en la cuneta/se despeñó por el acantilado

    b) ( Transp)
    5)
    a) ( flow) \<\<water/oil\>\> correr; ( drip) gotear

    the water ran hot/cold — empezó a salir agua caliente/fría

    the river runs through the town/into the sea — el río pasa por la ciudad/desemboca en el mar

    she left the water/faucet (AmE) o (BrE) tap running — dejó la llave abierta (AmL) or (Esp) el grifo abierto or (RPl) la canilla abierta or (Per) el caño abierto

    b) ( pass) pasar
    6) ( travel)

    our thoughts were running along o on the same lines — nuestros pensamientos iban por el mismo camino

    7) ( Pol) \<\<candidate\>\> presentarse, postularse (AmL)

    he is running for Governor again — se va a volver a presentar or (AmL tb) a postular como candidato a Gobernador

    8) (operate, function)

    with the engine running — con el motor encendido or en marcha or (AmL tb) prendido

    it runs off batteries/on gas — funciona con pilas or a pila(s)/a gas

    9) ( extend)
    a) ( in space)

    the path runs across the field/around the lake — el sendero atraviesa el campo/bordea el lago

    this idea runs through the whole book — esta idea se repite or está presente a lo largo del libro

    b) ( in time)
    10)
    a) (be, stand)

    inflation is running at 4% — la tasa de inflación es del 4%

    it runs in the family — es de familia, le (or me etc) viene de familia; water I 3) a)

    b) ( become)

    stocks are running low — se están agotando las existencias; see also dry I 1) c), short II 2)

    to run to something: to run to fat — echar carnes (fam); see also seed I 1) b)

    11) (of stories, sequences) decir*

    how did that line run? — ¿cómo decía or era esa línea?

    12) (melt, merge) \<\<butter/cheese/icing\>\> derretirse*; \<\<paint/makeup\>\> correrse; \<\<color\>\> desteñir*, despintarse (Méx)
    13) \<\<stockings\>\> hacerse* carreras, correrse (AmL)

    2.
    1) vt
    2)
    a) \<\<race/marathon\>\> correr, tomar parte en
    b) ( chase)

    the Green candidate ran them a close third — el candidato de los verdes quedó en tercer lugar a muy poca distancia de ellos

    they were run out of town — los hicieron salir del pueblo, los corrieron del pueblo (AmL fam)

    3)
    a) (push, move) pasar
    b) ( drive) \<\<person\>\> (colloq) llevar ( en coche)

    to run something under the tap — (BrE) hacer* correr agua sobre algo

    5)
    a) ( extend) \<\<cable/wire\>\> tender*
    b) ( pass) (hacer*) pasar
    6)
    a) ( smuggle) \<\<guns\>\> contrabandear, pasar (de contrabando)
    b) ( get past) \<\<blockade\>\> burlar

    to run a (red) light — (AmE) saltarse un semáforo (en rojo), pasarse un alto (Méx)

    7) ( operate) \<\<engine\>\> hacer* funcionar; \<\<program\>\> ( Comput) pasar, ejecutar
    8) ( manage) \<\<business/organization/department\>\> dirigir*, llevar

    who's running this business? — ¿aquí quién es el que manda?

    he runs the financial side of the business — se encarga or se ocupa del aspecto financiero del negocio

    9)
    a) ( Transp) \<\<flight\>\> tener*
    b) ( maintain) tener*
    10) \<\<tests\>\> realizar*, llevar a cabo; \<\<classes/concerts\>\> organizar*; \<\<newspaper\>\> \<\<article\>\> publicar*; fever 1) a), risk I a), temperature b)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( on foot)

    on the run: the children keep her on the run all day los niños la tienen todo el día en danza; after seven years on the run (from the law) después de estar siete años huyendo de la justicia; to give somebody a (good) run for her/his money hacerle* sudar tinta a algn; to have a good run for one's money: he was champion for six years, he had a good run for his money fue campeón durante seis años, no se puede quejar; to have the run of something tener* libre acceso a algo, tener* algo a su (or mi etc) entera disposición; to make a run for it — escaparse

    2)
    a) (trip, outing) vuelta f, paseo m ( en coche)
    b) ( journey)

    the outward run — el trayecto or viaje de ida

    it's only a short/10-mile run — está muy cerca/sólo a 10 millas

    3)
    a) ( sequence)

    a run of good/bad luck — una racha de buena/mala suerte, una buena/mala racha

    4) ( tendency) corriente f

    in the normal run of events — normalmente, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos

    run ON something: there's been a run on these watches estos relojes han estado muy solicitados or han tenido mucha demanda; a run on sterling una fuerte presión sobre la libra; a run on the banks — una corrida bancaria, un pánico bancario

    6) (Cin, Theat) temporada f
    7) ( Publ) ( print run) tirada f
    8)
    a) ( track) pista f
    b) ( for animals) corral m
    9) (in stocking, knitted garment) carrera f
    10) (in baseball, cricket) carrera f
    11) the runs pl ( diarrhea) (colloq) diarrea f, churrias fpl (Col fam)

    English-spanish dictionary > run

  • 17 heavily

    adverb pesadamente
    heavily adv mucho / muy
    tr['hevɪlɪ]
    1 (fall, move, step, etc) pesadamente; (rain) fuertemente, mucho
    2 (sleep etc) profundamente; (drink) con exceso, mucho; (breathe) con dificultad nombre femenino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to lose heavily SMALLSPORT/SMALL sufrir una fuerte derrota 2 (in gambling) perder muchísimo dinero
    heavily ['hɛvəli] adv
    1) : pesadamente, con mucho peso
    2) laboriously: trabajosamente, penosamente
    3) : mucho
    adv.
    • pesadamente adv.
    'hevəli, 'hevɪli
    1)
    a) <tread/fall> pesadamente

    he was heavily built — era corpulento or de aspecto fornido

    b) ( thickly) < underlined> con trazo grueso
    2)
    a) ( copiously) <rain/snow> mucho
    b) ( immoderately) <drink/smoke> en exceso, más de la cuenta (fam); < gamble> fuerte
    c) ( to a great extent) < outweigh> con mucho

    to be heavily in debt — estar* muy endeudado, tener* muchas deudas

    to borrow heavily — contraer* considerables deudas

    heavily pregnant — en avanzado estado de gravidez (frml) or (period) de gestación

    ['hevɪlɪ]
    ADV
    1) (=very much) [rain, bleed, sweat] mucho; [drink, smoke] mucho, en exceso; [criticize] duramente; [depend, rely] en gran medida; [biased, laden] muy

    she drinks heavily/more heavily when she's depressed — bebe mucho/mucho más cuando está deprimida

    • he spoke in heavily accented English — hablaba inglés con un acento muy fuerte

    • he had to borrow heavily — tuvo que pedir grandes cantidades de or mucho dinero prestado

    • to be heavily in debt — tener muchísimas deudas, estar muy endeudado

    • to be heavily defeated — (in election, war) sufrir una derrota aplastante

    • the book draws heavily on Marxism — el libro se inspira en gran medida en las teorías marxistas

    • he was fined heavily by the Football Association — la Asociación de Fútbol le puso una multa muy severa

    • to be heavily influenced by sb/sth — estar muy influido por algn/algo

    • he's heavily into jazz/football * — le ha dado fuerte por el jazz/el fútbol

    • he invested heavily in commodities — invirtió grandes cantidades de dinero or invirtió mucho en materias primas

    • to be heavily involved in or with sth — estar muy metido en algo *

    • to lose heavily — (gambling) perder grandes cantidades de dinero, perder muchísimo dinero; (in election, vote, match) sufrir una derrota aplastante

    • she was heavily made up — llevaba muchísimo maquillaje

    • a heavily populated area — una zona densamente poblada

    • she was heavily pregnant — le quedaba poco para dar a luz, se encontraba en avanzado estado de gestación frm

    • heavily scented — con un fuerte olor

    • heavily spiced — con muchas especias, muy condimentado

    • to be heavily weighted against sb/in sb's favour — desfavorecer/favorecer en gran medida a algn

    2) (=well, strongly) [armed] fuertemente; [guarded, fortified] muy bien
    3) (=deeply) [sleep] profundamente

    • to breathe heavily — (from exertion) resoplar, jadear

    • his face was heavily lined — su cara estaba muy marcada de arrugas

    • Bernard sighed heavily — Bernard exhaló un profundo suspiro

    4) (=weightily) [tread] con paso pesado; [move, walk] pesadamente; [say] con gran pesar

    • heavily built — corpulento, fornido

    • it weighs heavily on him — (fig) le pesa mucho

    * * *
    ['hevəli, 'hevɪli]
    1)
    a) <tread/fall> pesadamente

    he was heavily built — era corpulento or de aspecto fornido

    b) ( thickly) < underlined> con trazo grueso
    2)
    a) ( copiously) <rain/snow> mucho
    b) ( immoderately) <drink/smoke> en exceso, más de la cuenta (fam); < gamble> fuerte
    c) ( to a great extent) < outweigh> con mucho

    to be heavily in debt — estar* muy endeudado, tener* muchas deudas

    to borrow heavily — contraer* considerables deudas

    heavily pregnant — en avanzado estado de gravidez (frml) or (period) de gestación

    English-spanish dictionary > heavily

  • 18 run-up

    ['rʌnʌp]
    nome BE
    1) sport rincorsa f.

    the run-up to — il periodo che precede [election, Christmas]

    * * *
    run-up /ˈrʌnʌp/
    n.
    1 periodo di preparazione ( di un evento importante); fase preparatoria: The run-up to next year's elections has already started, è già incominciata la fase preparatoria delle elezioni del prossimo anno
    4 (fig.) rapido aumento di valore; (fin., market.) balzo, impennata ( di prezzi, quotazioni, ecc.)
    5 ( cricket) striscia di terreno dietro il «wicket» ( per i lanci)
    6 ( golf) palla di avvicinamento alla buca.
    * * *
    ['rʌnʌp]
    nome BE
    1) sport rincorsa f.

    the run-up to — il periodo che precede [election, Christmas]

    English-Italian dictionary > run-up

  • 19 free

    I 1. [friː]
    1) (unhindered, unrestricted) [person, country, election, press, translation, access, choice] libero

    to leave sb. free to do — lasciare qcn. libero di fare

    "may I use your phone?" - "feel free" — "posso usare il telefono?" - "certamente"

    to break free of o from liberarsi da [influence, restriction]; to set sb. free to do — lasciare a qcn. la libertà di fare

    2) (not captive or tied) [person, limb] libero; [ animal] libero, in libertà

    to set [sb., sth.] free — liberare [ prisoner]; liberare, dare la libertà a [ animal]

    to pull [sth.] free — liberare [ shoe]

    to break free — [person, animal] liberarsi

    to be free from o of sb. essersi liberato di qcn.; free from o of weeds libero dalle erbacce; free from o of pollution non inquinato; he's not entirely free from o of blame non è del tutto innocente; a day free from o of interruptions una giornata senza interruzioni; this soup is free from o of artificial colourings questa zuppa non contiene coloranti artificiali; free of o from tax econ. non soggetto a imposta; free of o from interest — econ. senza interessi

    4) (costing nothing) gratuito

    "admission free" — "ingresso gratuito"

    free gift — comm. omaggio

    you can't expect a free ride — fig. ogni cosa ha il suo prezzo

    he's had a free ride — fig. non ha faticato molto per arrivare

    5) (not occupied) libero

    "please leave o keep this parking space free for disabled drivers" — "posto riservato ai disabili"

    6) (generous, lavish)
    7) (familiar) disinvolto, sfacciato, impudente

    to make free with sb. — prendersi delle libertà con qcn

    8) chim. [ atom] libero
    9) ling. [vowel, stress] libero

    sugar-, additive -free — senza zucchero, additivi

    interest -free — econ. senza interessi

    2.
    nome (anche free period) scol. ora f. libera, ora f. buca
    ••
    II [friː]
    1) (at liberty) liberamente

    to go free — [ hostage] essere liberato; [ criminal] circolare liberamente

    2) (without payment) gratuitamente, gratis

    buy two, get one free — (offerta) tre per due

    for free — gratuitamente, gratis

    III 1. [friː]
    1) (set at liberty) [run, roam] liberare

    to free sb. from — liberare qcn. da [prison, oppression, anxiety, burden, suffering]; esentare qcn. da [blame, responsibility]

    2) (make available) sbloccare, rendere disponibile [ capital]; liberare [person, hands]
    2.

    to free oneself from — liberarsi da [chains, wreckage, influence, burden]; liberarsi di [ anxiety]; sottrarsi a [blame, responsibility]

    * * *
    [fri:] 1. adjective
    1) (allowed to move where one wants; not shut in, tied, fastened etc: The prison door opened, and he was a free man.) libero
    2) (not forced or persuaded to act, think, speak etc in a particular way: free speech; You are free to think what you like.) libero
    3) ((with with) generous: He is always free with his money/advice.) generoso
    4) (frank, open and ready to speak: a free manner.) sciolto
    5) (costing nothing: a free gift.) gratuito, gratis
    6) (not working or having another appointment; not busy: I shall be free at five o'clock.) libero
    7) (not occupied, not in use: Is this table free?) libero
    8) ((with of or from) without or no longer having (especially something or someone unpleasant etc): She is free from pain now; free of charge.) esente
    2. verb
    1) (to make or set (someone) free: He freed all the prisoners.) liberare
    2) ((with from or of) to rid or relieve (someone) of something: She was able to free herself from her debts by working at an additional job.) liberarsi di, sbarazzarsi di
    •
    - freely
    - free-for-all
    - freehand
    - freehold
    - freelance     3. verb
    (to work in this way: He is freelancing now.) lavorare come freelance/libero professionista
    - free skating
    - free speech
    - free trade
    - freeway
    - freewheel
    - free will
    - a free hand
    - set free
    * * *
    I 1. [friː]
    1) (unhindered, unrestricted) [person, country, election, press, translation, access, choice] libero

    to leave sb. free to do — lasciare qcn. libero di fare

    "may I use your phone?" - "feel free" — "posso usare il telefono?" - "certamente"

    to break free of o from liberarsi da [influence, restriction]; to set sb. free to do — lasciare a qcn. la libertà di fare

    2) (not captive or tied) [person, limb] libero; [ animal] libero, in libertà

    to set [sb., sth.] free — liberare [ prisoner]; liberare, dare la libertà a [ animal]

    to pull [sth.] free — liberare [ shoe]

    to break free — [person, animal] liberarsi

    to be free from o of sb. essersi liberato di qcn.; free from o of weeds libero dalle erbacce; free from o of pollution non inquinato; he's not entirely free from o of blame non è del tutto innocente; a day free from o of interruptions una giornata senza interruzioni; this soup is free from o of artificial colourings questa zuppa non contiene coloranti artificiali; free of o from tax econ. non soggetto a imposta; free of o from interest — econ. senza interessi

    4) (costing nothing) gratuito

    "admission free" — "ingresso gratuito"

    free gift — comm. omaggio

    you can't expect a free ride — fig. ogni cosa ha il suo prezzo

    he's had a free ride — fig. non ha faticato molto per arrivare

    5) (not occupied) libero

    "please leave o keep this parking space free for disabled drivers" — "posto riservato ai disabili"

    6) (generous, lavish)
    7) (familiar) disinvolto, sfacciato, impudente

    to make free with sb. — prendersi delle libertà con qcn

    8) chim. [ atom] libero
    9) ling. [vowel, stress] libero

    sugar-, additive -free — senza zucchero, additivi

    interest -free — econ. senza interessi

    2.
    nome (anche free period) scol. ora f. libera, ora f. buca
    ••
    II [friː]
    1) (at liberty) liberamente

    to go free — [ hostage] essere liberato; [ criminal] circolare liberamente

    2) (without payment) gratuitamente, gratis

    buy two, get one free — (offerta) tre per due

    for free — gratuitamente, gratis

    III 1. [friː]
    1) (set at liberty) [run, roam] liberare

    to free sb. from — liberare qcn. da [prison, oppression, anxiety, burden, suffering]; esentare qcn. da [blame, responsibility]

    2) (make available) sbloccare, rendere disponibile [ capital]; liberare [person, hands]
    2.

    to free oneself from — liberarsi da [chains, wreckage, influence, burden]; liberarsi di [ anxiety]; sottrarsi a [blame, responsibility]

    English-Italian dictionary > free

  • 20 run

    1. noun
    1) Lauf, der

    go for a run before breakfast — vor dem Frühstück einen Lauf machen

    make a late run — (Sport or fig.) zum Endspurt ansetzen

    come towards somebody/start off at a run — jemandem entgegenlaufen/losrennen

    I've had a good run for my money — ich bin auf meine Kosten gekommen

    2) (trip in vehicle) Fahrt, die; (for pleasure) Ausflug, der

    go for a run [in the car] — einen [Auto]ausflug machen

    3)

    she has had a long run of success — sie war lange [Zeit] erfolgreich

    have a long run — [Stück, Show:] viele Aufführungen erleben

    4) (succession) Serie, die; (Cards) Sequenz, die
    5) (tendency) Ablauf, der

    the general run of things/events — der Lauf der Dinge/der Gang der Ereignisse

    6) (regular route) Strecke, die
    7) (Cricket, Baseball) Lauf, der; Run, der
    8) (quantity produced) (of book) Auflage, die

    production run — Ausstoß, der (Wirtsch.)

    9) (demand) Run, der (on auf + Akk.)
    10)

    the runs — (coll.): (diarrhoea) Durchmarsch, der (salopp)

    11) (unrestricted use)
    12) (animal enclosure) Auslauf, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) laufen; (fast also) rennen

    run for the bus — laufen od. rennen, um den Bus zu kriegen (ugs.)

    2) (compete) laufen
    3) (hurry) laufen

    don't run to me when things go wrong — komm mir nicht angelaufen, wenn etwas schiefgeht (ugs.)

    4) (roll) laufen; [Ball, Kugel:] rollen, laufen
    5) (slide) laufen; [Schlitten, [Schiebe]tür:] gleiten
    6) (revolve) [Rad, Maschine:] laufen
    7) (flee) davonlaufen
    8) (operate on a schedule) fahren

    run between two places — [Zug, Bus:] zwischen zwei Orten verkehren

    9) (pass cursorily)

    run through one's head or mind — [Gedanken, Ideen:] einem durch den Kopf gehen

    run through the various possibilities — die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten durchspielen

    10) (flow) laufen; [Fluss:] fließen

    run dry — [Fluss:] austrocknen; [Quelle:] versiegen

    run low or short — knapp werden; ausgehen

    11) (be current) [Vertrag, Theaterstück:] laufen
    12) (be present)

    run in the family — [Eigenschaft, Begabung:] in der Familie liegen

    13) (function) laufen

    keep/leave the engine running — den Motor laufen lassen/nicht abstellen

    the machine runs on batteries/oil — etc. die Maschine läuft mit Batterien/Öl usw.

    14) (have a course) [Straße, Bahnlinie:] verlaufen
    15) (have wording) lauten; [Geschichte:] gehen (fig.)
    16) (have certain level)

    inflation is running at 15 % — die Inflationsrate beläuft sich auf od. beträgt 15 %

    17) (seek election) kandidieren

    run for mayor — für das Amt des Bürgermeisters kandidieren

    18) (spread quickly)

    a shiver ran down my spine — ein Schau[d]er (geh.) lief mir den Rücken hinunter

    19) (spread undesirably) [Butter, Eis:] zerlaufen; (in washing) [Farben:] auslaufen
    20) (ladder) [Strumpf:] Laufmaschen bekommen
    3. transitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) (cause to move) laufen lassen; (drive) fahren

    run one's hand/fingers through/along or over something — mit der Hand/den Fingern durch etwas fahren/über etwas (Akk.) streichen

    run an or one's eye along or down or over something — (fig.) etwas überfliegen

    2) (cause to flow) [ein]laufen lassen
    3) (organize, manage) führen, leiten [Geschäft usw.]; durchführen [Experiment]; veranstalten [Wettbewerb]; führen [Leben]
    4) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; verkehren lassen [Verkehrsmittel]; einsetzen [Sonderbus, -zug]; laufen lassen [Motor]; abspielen [Tonband]

    run forward/back — vorwärts-/zurückspulen [Film, Tonband]

    5) (own and use) sich (Dat.) halten [Auto]

    this car is expensive to run — dieses Auto ist im Unterhalt sehr teuer

    6) (take for journey) fahren

    I'll run you into town — ich fahre od. bringe dich in die Stadt

    7) (pursue) jagen

    run somebody hard or close — jemandem auf den Fersen sein od. sitzen (ugs.)

    be run off one's feet — alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.); (in business) Hochbetrieb haben (ugs.); see also academic.ru/23126/earth">earth 1. 4)

    8) (complete) laufen [Rennen, Marathon, Strecke]

    run messages/errands — Botengänge machen

    9)

    run a fever/a temperature — Fieber/erhöhte Temperatur haben

    10) (publish) bringen (ugs.) [Bericht, Artikel usw.]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    1. present participle - running; verb
    1) ((of a person or animal) to move quickly, faster than walking: He ran down the road.) rennen
    2) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) fahren
    3) ((of water etc) to flow: Rivers run to the sea; The tap is running.) laufen
    4) ((of a machine etc) to work or operate: The engine is running; He ran the motor to see if it was working.) laufen(lassen)
    5) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) leiten
    6) (to race: Is your horse running this afternoon?) laufen
    7) ((of buses, trains etc) to travel regularly: The buses run every half hour; The train is running late.) verkehren
    8) (to last or continue; to go on: The play ran for six weeks.) laufen
    9) (to own and use, especially of cars: He runs a Rolls Royce.) sich halten
    10) ((of colour) to spread: When I washed my new dress the colour ran.) zerlaufen
    11) (to drive (someone); to give( someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) fahren
    12) (to move (something): She ran her fingers through his hair; He ran his eyes over the letter.) gleiten lassen
    13) ((in certain phrases) to be or become: The river ran dry; My blood ran cold (= I was afraid).) werden
    2. noun
    1) (the act of running: He went for a run before breakfast.) das Laufen
    2) (a trip or drive: We went for a run in the country.) der Abstecher
    3) (a length of time (for which something continues): He's had a run of bad luck.) die Strähne
    4) (a ladder (in a stocking etc): I've got a run in my tights.) die Laufmasche
    5) (the free use (of a place): He gave me the run of his house.) freie Benutzung
    6) (in cricket, a batsman's act of running from one end of the wicket to the other, representing a single score: He scored/made 50 runs for his team.) der Lauf
    7) (an enclosure or pen: a chicken-run.) der Auslauf
    •
    - runner
    - running 3. adverb
    (one after another; continuously: We travelled for four days running.) aufeinanderfolgend
    - runny
    - runaway
    - rundown
    - runner-up
    - runway
    - in
    - out of the running
    - on the run
    - run across
    - run after
    - run aground
    - run along
    - run away
    - run down
    - run for
    - run for it
    - run in
    - run into
    - run its course
    - run off
    - run out
    - run over
    - run a temperature
    - run through
    - run to
    - run up
    - run wild
    * * *
    [rʌn]
    I. NOUN
    1. (jog) Lauf m
    the burglar made a \run for the door [or for it] der Einbrecher nahm Reißaus fam
    to let the dog out for [or let the dog have] a \run den Hund hinauslassen [o ÖSTERR fam äußerln führen]
    to break into a \run zu laufen beginnen
    to go for [or do] a \run laufen gehen
    I go for [or do] a 5 mile \run before breakfast ich laufe vor dem Frühstück 5 Meilen
    to set off/come in at a \run weg-/hereinlaufen
    he took the ditch at a \run er nahm Anlauf und sprang über den Graben; ( fig)
    with his main rival out injured, he has a clear \run at the title da sein Hauptrivale verletzt ist, hat er keine Konkurrenten beim Kampf um den Titel
    2. (journey) Strecke f
    the \run down to the coast only takes half an hour man braucht nur eine halbe Stunde zur Küste
    on the London—Glasgow \run auf der Strecke London—Glasgow
    to go for a \run in the car ( dated) eine Spritztour machen fam
    bombing \run Bombardierungsstrecke f
    3. (period) Dauer f
    \run of bad/good luck Pech-/Glückssträhne f
    a long \run of bad weather eine lange Schlechtwetterperiode
    4. (trend) Verlauf m
    in the normal \run of things normalerweise
    5. THEAT Laufzeit f
    after a short \run on Broadway nach kurzer Laufzeit am Broadway
    dry [or dummy] [or practice] \run Generalprobe f
    6. (production) Auflage f
    the company is planning a first \run of 10,000 red teddy bears die Firma plant eine Anfangsproduktion von 10.000 roten Teddybären
    7. ECON (as test) of a machine Durchlauf m, Maschinenlauf m
    a cheque \run Ausstellung f von Schecks durch Computer
    a computer \run Arbeitsgang m [o Durchlauf m] eines Computers
    test \run Probelauf m
    8. usu sing (demand) Run m, Ansturm m
    a sudden \run on the dollar has lowered its value die plötzliche Nachfrage nach dem Dollar ließ den Kurs sinken
    a \run on a bank ein Ansturm m auf eine Bank
    a \run on the pound Panikverkäufe pl des Pfundes
    9. (type) Art f
    their food is not the usual \run of hotel cooking ihr Essen hebt sich von der üblichen Hotelküche ab
    10. (enclosed area) Gehege nt
    chicken \run Hühnerhof m
    11. SPORT (point) Treffer m; (sailing) Vorwindkurs m; (in cricket, baseball) Run m
    to score 4 \runs vier Treffer erzielen
    to score a home \run einen Homerun erzielen
    12. esp AM (ladder) Laufmasche f
    13. ( fam: diarrhoea)
    to have the \runs Dünnpfiff haben sl
    14.
    ▶ to give sb a \run for their money jdn etw für sein Geld tun lassen
    ▶ to have the \run of sth etw zur Verfügung haben
    while she's away, I have the \run of the house während sie weg ist, hat sie mir das Haus überlassen
    ▶ to have a [good] \run for one's money etw für sein Geld bekommen
    ▶ in the long \run langfristig, auf lange Sicht gesehen
    ▶ in the short \run kurzfristig
    ▶ on the \run (escaped) auf der Flucht; (extremely busy) auf Trab fam
    when I am rushed in the mornings, I eat breakfast on the \run wenn ich morgens in Eile bin, dann esse ich mein Frühstück auf dem Weg
    <ran, run>
    1. (move fast) laufen, rennen
    he ran up/down the hill er rannte den Hügel hinauf/hinunter
    he ran along/down the street er rannte die Straße entlang/hinunter
    he ran into/out of the house er rannte in das Haus/aus dem Haus
    people came \running at the sound of shots Menschen kamen gelaufen, als sie Schüsse hörten
    to \run for the bus dem Bus nachlaufen
    to \run for cover schnell in Deckung gehen
    to \run for it sich akk aus dem Staub machen
    to \run for one's life um sein Leben rennen
    to \run for help um Hilfe laufen
    to \run for the police die Polizei benachrichtigen
    to \run on the spot auf der Stelle laufen
    to go \running laufen gehen
    ▪ to \run at sb jdn angreifen
    2. (operate) fahren, verkehren; engine laufen; machine in Betrieb sein
    are there a lot of trains \running between London and York? verkehren viele Züge zwischen London und York?
    they had the new computer system up and \running within an hour sie hatten das neue Computerprogramm innerhalb einer Stunde installiert und am Laufen; ( fig)
    work is \running smoothly at the moment die Arbeit geht im Moment glatt von der Hand
    to keep the economy \running die Wirtschaft am Laufen halten
    3. (travel) laufen; (go) verlaufen; ski gleiten
    the route \runs through the mountains die Strecke führt durch die Berge
    a shiver ran down my back mir lief ein Schauder über den Rücken geh
    to \run off the road von der Straße abkommen
    to \run onto the rocks [or aground] [or ashore] auflaufen, auf Grund laufen
    4. (grow) plants sich akk schlingen
    the vine \runs up the wall and along the fence die Weinreben schlingen sich die Wand hinauf und den Zaun entlang
    5. (extend)
    there's a beautiful cornice \running around all the ceilings ein wunderschönes Gesims verläuft um alle Decken
    6. (last) [an]dauern
    the film \runs for two hours der Film dauert zwei Stunden, der Film geht zwei Stunden fam
    how much longer does this course \run? wie lange dauert dieser Kurs noch?
    a magazine subscription usually only \runs for one year ein Zeitschriftenabonnement läuft normalerweise nur ein Jahr
    I've had that tune \running in my head all day diese Melodie geht mir schon den ganzen Tag im Kopf herum
    this show will \run and \run diese Show wird ewig laufen
    7. (be)
    inflation is \running at 10% die Inflationsrate beträgt 10 %; (amount to)
    ▪ to \run into [or to] sth sich akk auf etw akk belaufen, gehen
    he has an income \running into six figures er hat ein Einkommen, das sich auf sechsstellige Zahlen beläuft
    8. (flow) fließen
    I could feel trickles of sweat \running down my neck ich fühlte, wie mir die Schweißtropfen den Hals herunterliefen
    their bodies were \running with sweat ihre Körper waren schweißüberströmt
    when the sand has \run through the egg timer, it'll be five minutes wenn der Sand durch die Eieruhr gelaufen ist, dann sind fünf Minuten vorbei
    the river \runs [down] to the sea der Fluss mündet in das Meer
    there was a strong tide/heavy sea \running die Flut/die See war hoch
    don't cry, or your make-up will \run weine nicht, sonst verwischt sich dein Make-up
    the colour of the dress has \run das Kleid hat abgefärbt
    my nose is \running meine Nase läuft
    if the paint is wet, the colours will \run into each other wenn die Farbe nass ist, fließen die Farben ineinander
    9. POL (enter an election) kandidieren
    to \run for President für das Präsidentenamt kandidieren, sich akk für das Amt des Präsidenten bewerben
    ▪ to \run against sb gegen jdn kandidieren
    oh no, my tights have \run oh nein, ich habe eine Laufmasche im Strumpf
    11. (proceed) verlaufen
    can you give me an idea of how the discussion ran? kannst du mir den Verlauf der Diskussion schildern?
    12. NAUT fahren
    to \run before the wind vor dem Wind segeln
    13. (to be in force) price, value of commodity gelten, gültig sein
    14.
    ▶ to \run amok Amok laufen
    ▶ to \run with blood blutüberströmt sein
    the streets were \running with blood in den Straßen floss überall Blut
    ▶ to \run round [or AM around] in circles sich akk im Kreise drehen
    ▶ to \run deep:
    differences between the two sides \run deep die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Seiten sind sehr groß
    ▶ to \run dry river austrocknen
    ▶ to \run in the family in der Familie liegen
    ▶ feelings are \running high die Gefühle gehen hoch
    ▶ to \run low supplies [langsam] ausgehen
    ▶ to make sb's blood \run cold jds Blut in den Adern gefrieren lassen
    ▶ to \run short knapp werden
    to \run short of sth etw nicht mehr haben
    we're beginning to \run short of money uns geht langsam das Geld aus
    ▶ to \run wild animals frei herumlaufen; plants wuchern; children alles machen dürfen; ( pej)
    she lets her kids \run wild [or \run riot] sie setzt ihren Kindern keinerlei Grenzen
    to let one's imagination \run wild seiner Fantasie freien Lauf lassen
    <ran, run>
    to \run a dead heat/a mile/a race ein totes Rennen/eine Meile/ein Rennen laufen
    2. (enter in race)
    to \run a candidate einen Kandidaten aufstellen
    to \run a horse ein Pferd laufen lassen
    he ran his car into a tree last night er fuhr letzte Nacht mit seinem Auto gegen einen Baum
    to \run sb home jdn nach Hause fahren
    to \run sb to the station jdn zum Bahnhof bringen
    4. (pass)
    she ran her eyes/finger down the list sie ließ die Augen/den Finger über die Liste gleiten
    \run this rope round the tree wickle dieses Seil um den Baum
    he ran a vacuum cleaner over the carpet er saugte den Teppich ab
    to \run one's fingers through one's hair sich dat mit den Fingern durchs Haar fahren
    ▪ to \run sth machine etw bedienen
    to \run a computer program ein Computerprogramm laufen lassen
    to \run the engine den Motor laufen lassen
    to \run additional trains zusätzliche Züge einsetzen
    to \run the dishwasher/washing machine die Spülmaschine/Waschmaschine laufen lassen
    ▪ to \run sth business etw leiten; farm etw betreiben
    how did he end up \running the city? wie wurde er Bürgermeister der Stadt?
    don't tell me how to \run my life! erklär mir nicht, wie ich mein Leben leben soll!
    some people \run their lives according to the movements of the stars manche Leute richten ihr Leben nach dem Verlauf der Sterne aus
    to \run a company ein Unternehmen leiten
    to \run a government/household eine Regierung/einen Haushalt führen
    to \run a store ein Geschäft haben
    7. (conduct)
    to \run a course einen Kurs anbieten
    to \run an experiment/a test ein Experiment/einen Test durchführen
    ▪ to \run sth water etw laufen lassen
    he ran a little cold water into the bath er ließ etwas kaltes Wasser in die Badewanne laufen
    to \run [sb] a bath [or to \run a bath [for sb]] [jdm] ein Bad einlaufen lassen
    9. (in newspaper)
    to \run a story about sth über etw akk berichten
    to \run an article/a series einen Artikel/eine Serie bringen fam
    10. (smuggle)
    ▪ to \run sth etw schmuggeln
    to \run sth across the border etw über die Grenze schmuggeln
    11. (not heed)
    to \run a blockade eine Blockade durchbrechen
    to \run a red light eine rote Ampel überfahren
    12. (incur)
    to \run a risk ein Risiko eingehen
    you \run the risk when gambling of losing your entire stake wenn du spielst, riskierst du, deinen gesamten Einsatz zu verlieren
    13. (perform small tasks)
    to \run errands [for sb] [für jdn] Botengänge machen
    14.
    ▶ to \run sb/sth close nur knapp von jdm/etw geschlagen werden
    ▶ to let sth \run its course etw seinen Lauf nehmen lassen
    ▶ to \run sb to earth [or ground] jdn aufspüren
    ▶ to \run one's eye over sth etw überfliegen
    ▶ to be \run off one's feet alle Hände voll zu tun haben fam
    ▶ to \run a fever [or temperature] Fieber haben
    ▶ to \run oneself into the ground sich akk völlig verausgaben
    ▶ to \run a mile BRIT sich akk aus dem Staub machen fam
    ▶ to \run sb ragged jdn schaffen fam
    ▶ to \run the show verantwortlich sein
    * * *
    run [rʌn]
    A s
    1. a) Lauf m (auch fig):
    in the long run auf die Dauer, auf lange Sicht, langfristig;
    in the short run auf kurze Sicht, kurzfristig;
    go for ( oder take) a run einen Lauf machen;
    make a run for it sich aus dem Staub machen fig;
    make a run for the door zur Tür rennen
    b) SPORT Lauf m, Durchgang m (eines Slaloms etc)
    2. Laufen n, Rennen n:
    a) (immer) auf Trab sein umg,
    b) auf der Flucht sein ( from the police vor der Polizei);
    keep sb on the run jemanden in Trab halten umg;
    shoot on the run (Fußball) aus vollem Lauf schießen;
    give sb a (good) run for their money es jemandem nicht leicht machen;
    this car gives you a (good) run for your money dieser Wagen ist sein Geld wert;
    he’s had a (good) run for his money er ist auf seine Kosten gekommen, er kann sich nicht beklagen
    3. Laufschritt m:
    at a run im Laufschritt;
    go off at a run davonlaufen
    4. Anlauf m:
    take a run (einen) Anlauf nehmen
    5. SCHIFF, AUTO Fahrt f
    6. oft short run Spazierfahrt f:
    go for a run in the car eine Spazierfahrt machen
    7. Abstecher m, Ausflug m ( beide:
    to nach)
    8. Reiten: schneller Galopp
    9. JAGD Hatz f
    10. besonders WIRTSCH Ansturm m, Run m ( beide:
    on auf eine Bank, Eintrittskarten etc), stürmische Nachfrage (on nach einer Ware)
    11. (Laich)Wanderung f (der Fische)
    12. MUS Lauf m
    13. US (kleiner) Wasserlauf
    14. US Laufmasche f
    15. (Ver)Lauf m, Fortgang m:
    run of the play SPORT Spielverlauf;
    be against the run of the play SPORT den Spielverlauf auf den Kopf stellen
    16. Verlauf m:
    17. a) Tendenz f
    b) Mode f
    18. ( auch SPORT Erfolgs-, Treffer)Serie f, Folge f, Reihe f:
    a run of bad (good) luck eine Pechsträhne (eine Glückssträhne, ein Lauf);
    a run of good weather eine Schönwetterperiode;
    a run of wins eine Siegesserie
    19. Kartenspiel: Sequenz f
    20. Auflage f (einer Zeitung etc)
    21. TECH Herstellungsmaße pl, -größe f, (Rohr- etc) Länge f, (Betriebs) Leistung f, Ausstoß m:
    a) Fördererz n,
    b) Rohkohle f
    22. Bergbau: Ader f
    23. TECH
    a) Durchlauf m (eines Beschickungsguts)
    b) Charge f, (Beschickungs)Menge f
    24. TECH
    a) Arbeitsperiode f, Gang m
    b) IT (Durch)Lauf m
    c) Bedienung f (einer Maschine etc)
    25. THEAT, FILM Lauf-, Spielzeit f:
    the play had a run of 44 nights das Stück wurde 44-mal hintereinander gegeben;
    the film had a run of six months ( oder a six-month run) der Film lief ein halbes Jahr
    26. (auch Amts) Dauer f, (-)Zeit f:
    run of validity Gültigkeitsdauer
    27. a) Strecke f
    b) FLUG Rollstrecke f
    c) SCHIFF Etmal n (vom Schiff in 24 Stunden zurückgelegte Strecke)
    28. give sb the run of sth jemandem etwas zur Verfügung stellen;
    have the run of sth etwas zur freien Verfügung haben;
    he has given me ( oder I have) the run of his library ich kann jederzeit seine Bibliothek benutzen
    29. besonders Br
    a) Weide f, Trift f
    b) Auslauf m, (Hühner) Hof m
    30. a) JAGD Wechsel m, (Wild)Bahn f
    b) Maulwurfsgang m, Kaninchenröhre f
    31. SPORT
    a) (Bob-, Rodel) Bahn f
    b) (Ski) Hang m
    32. TECH
    a) Bahn f
    b) Laufschiene f, -planke f
    33. TECH Rinne f, Kanal m
    34. TECH Mühl-, Mahlgang m
    35. Art f, Sorte f ( auch WIRTSCH)
    36. meist common ( oder general) run Durchschnitt m, (die) breite Masse:
    the common run of mankind der Durchschnittsmensch
    37. a) Herde f
    b) Schwarm m (Fische)
    38. SCHIFF (Achter-, Vor) Piek f
    39. Länge f, Ausdehnung f
    40. the runs pl auch als sg konstruiert) umg Dünnpfiff m (Durchfall)
    B adj
    1. geschmolzen
    2. gegossen, geformt:
    run with lead mit Blei ausgegossen
    C v/i prät ran [ræn], pperf run
    1. laufen, rennen, eilen, stürzen:
    run round one’s backhand (Tennis etc) seine Rückhand umlaufen
    2. davonlaufen ( from vor dat), Reißaus nehmen umg
    3. SPORT
    a) (um die Wette) laufen
    b) (an einem Lauf oder Rennen) teilnehmen
    c) als Zweiter etc einkommen:
    he ran second er wurde oder war Zweiter
    a) POL kandidieren (für)
    b) umg sich bemühen (um):
    run for election kandidieren, sich zur Wahl stellen
    5. fig laufen (Blick, Feuer, Finger, Schauer etc):
    his eyes ran over it sein Blick überflog es;
    run back over the past Rückschau halten;
    this tune (idea) keeps running through my head diese Melodie (Idee) geht mir nicht aus dem Kopf
    6. fahren:
    run before the wind vor dem Winde segeln; → ashore
    7. gleiten (Schlitten etc), ziehen, wandern (Wolken etc):
    let the skis run die Skier laufen lassen
    8. zu den Laichplätzen ziehen oder wandern (Fische)
    9. BAHN etc verkehren, (auf einer Strecke) fahren, gehen
    10. fließen, strömen (beide auch fig), rinnen:
    it runs in the family fig das liegt bei ihnen etc in der Familie; → blood A 1, A 4
    11. lauten (Schriftstück):
    12. gehen (Melodie)
    13. vergehen, -streichen (Zeit etc)
    14. dauern:
    15. laufen (Theaterstück etc), gegeben werden
    16. verlaufen (Straße etc, auch Vorgang), sich erstrecken, gehen, führen (Weg etc):
    my talent (taste) does not run that way dafür habe ich keine Begabung (keinen Sinn)
    17. TECH laufen:
    a) gleiten:
    b) in Betrieb oder Gang sein, arbeiten (Maschine, Motor etc), gehen (Uhr, Mechanismus etc), funktionieren:
    run hot (sich) heiß laufen;
    with the engine running mit laufendem Motor
    18. in Betrieb sein (Hotel, Fabrik etc)
    19. zer-, auslaufen (Farbe)
    20. triefen oder tropfen ( with vor Nässe etc), fließen, laufen (Nase), tränen (Augen):
    run with tears in Tränen schwimmen
    21. auslaufen (Gefäß)
    22. schmelzen (Metall etc):
    running ice tauendes Eis
    23. MED laufen, eitern
    a) wachsen, wuchern,
    b) klettern, ranken
    25. fluten, wogen:
    a heavy sea was running SCHIFF es lief eine schwere See
    26. besonders US laufen, fallen (Maschen), Laufmaschen bekommen (Strumpf etc), aufgehen (Naht)
    27. WIRTSCH
    a) laufen
    b) fällig werden (Wechsel etc)
    28. JUR gelten, in Kraft sein oder bleiben, laufen:
    the lease runs for 7 years der Pachtvertrag läuft auf 7 Jahre
    29. JUR verbunden oder gekoppelt sein ( with mit)
    30. (mit adj und s) werden, sein:
    a) versiegen (Quelle),
    b) austrocknen,
    c) keine Milch mehr geben (Kuh),
    d) fig erschöpft sein,
    e) fig sich ausgeschrieben haben (Autor); → high B 1, low1 A 5, riot A 4, short A 5, A 8, wild B
    31. WIRTSCH stehen auf (dat) (Preis, Ware)
    32. klein etc ausfallen:
    D v/t
    1. einen Weg etc laufen, einschlagen, eine Strecke etc durchlaufen (auch fig), zurücklegen:
    run its course fig seinen Verlauf nehmen;
    things must run their course man muss den Dingen ihren Lauf lassen
    2. fahren ( auch SCHIFF), eine Strecke be-, durchfahren:
    run 22 knots SCHIFF mit 22 Knoten fahren
    3. ein Rennen austragen, laufen, einen Wettlauf machen:
    run races Wettrennen veranstalten
    4. um die Wette laufen mit, laufen gegen
    5. fig sich messen mit:
    run sb close dicht herankommen an jemanden (a. fig)
    a) treiben, hetzen
    b) laufen lassen, (für ein Rennen auch) melden
    7. POL jemanden als Kandidaten aufstellen ( for für)
    8. JAGD jagen, eine Spur verfolgen (auch fig):
    a) einen Fuchs im Bau aufstöbern, bis in seinen Bau verfolgen,
    b) fig jemanden, etwas aufstöbern, ausfindig machen
    9. Botengänge, Besorgungen machen, Botschaften überbringen
    10. entfliehen (dat):
    run the country außer Landes flüchten
    11. passieren:
    run the guard ungesehen durch die Wache kommen; → blockade A 1
    12. Vieh
    a) treiben
    b) weiden lassen
    13. SCHIFF, BAHN etc fahren oder verkehren lassen, einen Sonderzug etc einsetzen
    14. befördern, transportieren
    15. Alkohol etc schmuggeln
    16. seine Finger etc laufen oder gleiten lassen ( over über akk):
    run one’s comb through one’s hair (sich) mit dem Kamm durchs Haar fahren
    17. TECH laufen oder rollen oder gleiten lassen
    18. einen Film laufen lassen
    19. eine Artikelserie etc veröffentlichen, bringen
    20. TECH eine Maschine etc laufen lassen, bedienen
    21. einen Betrieb etc verwalten, führen, leiten, ein Geschäft, eine Fabrik etc betreiben:
    run the household den Haushalt führen oder schmeißen; → show A 15
    22. hineingeraten (lassen) in (akk):
    run debts Schulden machen;
    run the danger of (ger) Gefahr laufen zu (inf); → risk A 1
    23. geben, fließen lassen, Wasser etc führen (Leitung):
    this faucet runs hot water aus diesem Hahn kommt heißes Wasser
    24. Gold etc (mit sich) führen (Fluss)
    25. Fieber, Temperatur haben
    26. a) Metall schmelzen
    b) verschmelzen
    c) Blei etc gießen
    27. stoßen, stechen ( beide:
    through durch): → run into B 1
    28. eine Linie, einen Graben etc ziehen, eine Straße etc anlegen, eine Brücke schlagen
    29. Bergbau: eine Strecke treiben
    30. ELEK eine Leitung verlegen, führen
    31. ein Bad, das Badewasser einlaufen lassen
    32. schieben, führen ( beide:
    through durch): → run into B 2
    33. (bei Spielen) eine bestimmte Punktzahl etc hintereinander erzielen:
    run fifteen auf fünfzehn (Punkte etc) kommen
    34. eine Schleuse öffnen:
    run dry leerlaufen lassen
    35. eine Naht etc mit Vorderstich nähen, heften
    36. jemanden belangen ( for wegen)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Lauf, der

    make a late run — (Sport or fig.) zum Endspurt ansetzen

    come towards somebody/start off at a run — jemandem entgegenlaufen/losrennen

    2) (trip in vehicle) Fahrt, die; (for pleasure) Ausflug, der

    go for a run [in the car] — einen [Auto]ausflug machen

    3)

    she has had a long run of success — sie war lange [Zeit] erfolgreich

    have a long run — [Stück, Show:] viele Aufführungen erleben

    4) (succession) Serie, die; (Cards) Sequenz, die
    5) (tendency) Ablauf, der

    the general run of things/events — der Lauf der Dinge/der Gang der Ereignisse

    6) (regular route) Strecke, die
    7) (Cricket, Baseball) Lauf, der; Run, der

    production run — Ausstoß, der (Wirtsch.)

    9) (demand) Run, der (on auf + Akk.)
    10)

    the runs — (coll.): (diarrhoea) Durchmarsch, der (salopp)

    12) (animal enclosure) Auslauf, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) laufen; (fast also) rennen

    run for the bus — laufen od. rennen, um den Bus zu kriegen (ugs.)

    2) (compete) laufen
    3) (hurry) laufen

    don't run to me when things go wrong — komm mir nicht angelaufen, wenn etwas schiefgeht (ugs.)

    4) (roll) laufen; [Ball, Kugel:] rollen, laufen
    5) (slide) laufen; [Schlitten, [Schiebe]tür:] gleiten
    6) (revolve) [Rad, Maschine:] laufen
    7) (flee) davonlaufen

    run between two places — [Zug, Bus:] zwischen zwei Orten verkehren

    run through one's head or mind — [Gedanken, Ideen:] einem durch den Kopf gehen

    10) (flow) laufen; [Fluss:] fließen

    run dry — [Fluss:] austrocknen; [Quelle:] versiegen

    run low or short — knapp werden; ausgehen

    11) (be current) [Vertrag, Theaterstück:] laufen
    12) (be present)

    run in the family — [Eigenschaft, Begabung:] in der Familie liegen

    13) (function) laufen

    keep/leave the engine running — den Motor laufen lassen/nicht abstellen

    the machine runs on batteries/oil — etc. die Maschine läuft mit Batterien/Öl usw.

    14) (have a course) [Straße, Bahnlinie:] verlaufen
    15) (have wording) lauten; [Geschichte:] gehen (fig.)

    inflation is running at 15 % — die Inflationsrate beläuft sich auf od. beträgt 15 %

    17) (seek election) kandidieren

    a shiver ran down my spine — ein Schau[d]er (geh.) lief mir den Rücken hinunter

    19) (spread undesirably) [Butter, Eis:] zerlaufen; (in washing) [Farben:] auslaufen
    20) (ladder) [Strumpf:] Laufmaschen bekommen
    3. transitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) (cause to move) laufen lassen; (drive) fahren

    run one's hand/fingers through/along or over something — mit der Hand/den Fingern durch etwas fahren/über etwas (Akk.) streichen

    run an or one's eye along or down or over something — (fig.) etwas überfliegen

    2) (cause to flow) [ein]laufen lassen
    3) (organize, manage) führen, leiten [Geschäft usw.]; durchführen [Experiment]; veranstalten [Wettbewerb]; führen [Leben]
    4) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; verkehren lassen [Verkehrsmittel]; einsetzen [Sonderbus, -zug]; laufen lassen [Motor]; abspielen [Tonband]

    run forward/back — vorwärts-/zurückspulen [Film, Tonband]

    5) (own and use) sich (Dat.) halten [Auto]

    I'll run you into town — ich fahre od. bringe dich in die Stadt

    7) (pursue) jagen

    run somebody hard or close — jemandem auf den Fersen sein od. sitzen (ugs.)

    be run off one's feet — alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.); (in business) Hochbetrieb haben (ugs.); see also earth 1. 4)

    8) (complete) laufen [Rennen, Marathon, Strecke]

    run messages/errands — Botengänge machen

    9)

    run a fever/a temperature — Fieber/erhöhte Temperatur haben

    10) (publish) bringen (ugs.) [Bericht, Artikel usw.]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (of a ladder) n.
    Leitersprosse f. n.
    Fahrt -en f.
    Lauf -e m.
    Laufmasche f. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: ran, run)
    = laufen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: lief, ist gelaufen)
    rennen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: rannte, ist gerannt)

    English-german dictionary > run

Страницы

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